Name: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Type: Psychedelic amphetamine (MDMA/Ecstasy)
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II. Natural Derivative
Synthetic substance, no natural derivative
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III. Chemical Profile ( IUPAC name)
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IV. History
Ecstasy (MDMA), initially synthesized in 1912 by German chemist Anton Köllisch for potential pharmaceutical use, gained prominence later due to its recreational effects. In the 1970s, Alexander Shulgin rediscovered MDMA's psychoactive properties, leading to its widespread recreational use. It became popular in the 1980s and 1990s as a club drug for its euphoric and empathogenic effects, enhancing sensory perceptions and emotional closeness.
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V. Legal Information
The legal status of MDMA varies globally. In many countries, it is classified as a controlled substance due to its psychoactive effects and potential for abuse. Legal penalties for possession, distribution, and production can be severe, reflecting efforts to control its recreational use and associated health risks. However, some jurisdictions have explored medical or therapeutic uses of MDMA under controlled conditions, highlighting ongoing debates about its potential benefits versus risks.
US Federal Schedule - I
Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.
Key US Federal Policies:
Controlled Substances Act. Public Law: Public Law 91-513 (text can be found on GovInfo) (https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa). Date enacted: October 27, 1970.
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VI. Physical Effects
MDMA use can lead to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, muscle tension, and nausea. It can also cause dehydration and hyperthermia, potentially leading to organ failure in extreme cases. Prolonged use may result in neurotoxicity, affecting serotonin levels and potentially causing long-term cognitive impairments.
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VII. Psychological Effects
MDMA use induces feelings of empathy, emotional openness, and enhanced sensory perception. However, it can also lead to anxiety, agitation, and confusion. Long-term use may contribute to memory problems and mood disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders.
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