AKA: 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine, coffee, tea, energy drinks
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III. Chemical Profile ( IUPAC name)
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IV. History
Caffeine consumption dates back thousands of years, with tea drinking originating in China around 2737 BC and coffee consumption beginning in Ethiopia in the 9th century. Coffee houses became popular in the Middle East by the 15th century, spreading to Europe in the 17th century. The introduction of tea to Europe in the 16th century and the development of caffeinated soft drinks in the 19th and 20th centuries further increased caffeine's global consumption. Today, caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide.
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V. Legal Information
Caffeine is legal and widely consumed around the world. It is regulated as a food ingredient and dietary supplement by health authorities. In the US, the FDA has guidelines for caffeine content in food and beverages. There are no restrictions on the sale or consumption of caffeine-containing products, but some countries have regulations on advertising and labeling.
Not Scheduled
Caffeine is not classified under the Controlled Substances Act but is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food ingredient and dietary supplement.
Key US Federal Policies:
The FDA regulates caffeine as a food additive and dietary supplement. It sets limits on caffeine content in certain products, such as soft drinks (71 mg per 12 fl oz). The agency also monitors and regulates the labeling and marketing of caffeine-containing products to ensure consumer safety.
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VI. Physical Effects
Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, leading to increased alertness, reduced fatigue, and improved concentration. It also increases heart rate, blood pressure, and gastric acid secretion. In high doses, caffeine can cause insomnia, jitters, anxiety, and increased heart rate. Long-term excessive consumption may lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms such as headaches, irritability, and fatigue.
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VII. Psychological Effects
Psychologically, caffeine can enhance mood, increase feelings of well-being, and improve cognitive function. It may also reduce the perception of effort during physical activity. However, excessive consumption can lead to anxiety, restlessness, and in some cases, panic attacks. Caffeine dependence can develop, leading to withdrawal symptoms when consumption is reduced or stopped.
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VIII. Culture
Caffeine has a rich cultural history, with its origins in coffee and tea cultures. In Ethiopia, the legend of Kaldi the goat herder discovering coffee beans is well-known. In China, Emperor Shen Nong is credited with the discovery of tea. Coffee houses played significant roles in social, political, and intellectual life in the Middle East and Europe. The Boston Tea Party is a famous historical event related to tea. Today, coffee and tea rituals, such as the Japanese tea ceremony and the Italian espresso culture, highlight caffeine's ongoing cultural significance.
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