IV. History
Powder cocaine, derived from coca leaves, has a long history dating back thousands of years. Indigenous peoples of South America, particularly in the Andes, have chewed coca leaves for centuries for their stimulant effects. Cocaine was first isolated from coca leaves in 1859 by German chemist Albert Niemann. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, cocaine was widely used in tonics, elixirs, and even early versions of Coca-Cola. It was praised by Sigmund Freud and other prominent figures for its perceived medicinal benefits. However, as its addictive properties and health risks became apparent, cocaine was increasingly restricted. The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 in the US effectively criminalized cocaine. Its use declined but experienced a resurgence in the 1970s, becoming associated with disco culture and high-status individuals. By the 1980s, cocaine had become a major focus of the 'War on Drugs.' Large-scale trafficking operations, notably led by Colombian cartels, fueled its widespread availability. Despite intensive law enforcement efforts, cocaine remains a significant global issue, with its production, trafficking, and use continuing to impact societies worldwide, particularly in the Americas.
