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Name: Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
Type: Sedative
AKA: GHB, gamma hydroxybutyrate, sodium oxybate
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II. Natural Derivative
Synthetic substance, no natural derivative
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III. Chemical Profile (IUPAC name)
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IV. History
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) was first synthesized in 1960 by Henri Laborit as an anesthetic. While its use in medical settings has been limited due to side effects, GHB gained popularity as a recreational drug and a substance used in bodybuilding for its growth hormone-promoting effects. Its potential for abuse, particularly as a 'date rape' drug, has led to stringent regulations on its use and distribution.
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V. Legal Information
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the US, reflecting concerns about its potential for abuse and harm. Globally, GHB is also subject to stringent controls due to its association with abuse and misuse. Originally used in medical contexts, its non-medical use led to increased regulation. Recent trends show ongoing regulatory efforts to address its illicit use while allowing for its medical applications under controlled conditions.
US Federal Schedule - I
Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.
Key US Federal Policies:
Controlled Substances Act. Public Law: Public Law 91-513 (text can be found on GovInfo) (https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa). Date enacted: October 27, 1970.
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VI. Physical Effects
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is used both medically and recreationally for its depressant effects. As a downer, it causes sedation, muscle relaxation, and euphoria. Short-term effects include drowsiness and decreased inhibitions, while long-term use can lead to dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Overdose risks include severe sedation, respiratory depression, and coma. Safe use involves careful dosing, typically 1-2 grams. Recent studies note its therapeutic potential for narcolepsy but highlight significant risks of abuse and overdose.  |
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VII. Psychological Effects
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) affects GABA-B receptors, causing euphoria, sedation, and memory impairment. Psychological effects last 1-4 hours, with risks of dependence and memory disturbances. Recent studies explore its therapeutic use in narcolepsy and its potential for abuse and long-term cognitive impacts.
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VIII. Culture
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has a complex cultural history. Initially researched for its potential in anesthesiology in the mid-20th century, it later became infamous as a party drug and a substance associated with date-rape cases. Despite its controversial reputation, GHB has therapeutic uses, such as treating narcolepsy. The dual nature of GHB’s impact—medical benefits versus potential for misuse—highlights the ongoing cultural and legal struggles. It features prominently in discussions about substance abuse and the regulation of psychoactive drugs. Public figures and incidents related to GHB misuse have fueled societal debates about its role and control.
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