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Name: Morphine
Type: Opioid
AKA: N/A
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II. Natural Derivative
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III. Chemical Profile (IUPAC name)
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IV. History
Morphine, an opioid derived from opium poppies, has been used for pain relief since the early 19th century. Its development marked a significant milestone in pain management, with its use expanding into various medical settings. Morphine's historical significance lies in its role in the evolution of opioid medications and its impact on pain management and addiction.
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V. Legal Information
Morphine is a powerful opioid used for pain management and is controlled under Schedule II in the United States due to its high potential for abuse. Internationally, it is regulated to prevent misuse while allowing medical use under strict controls. [Source: UNODC].
US Federal Schedule - II
Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. Some examples of Schedule II drugs are: combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin.
Key US Federal Policies:
Controlled Substances Act. Public Law: Public Law 91-513 (text can be found on GovInfo) (https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa). Date enacted: October 27, 1970.
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VI. Physical Effects
Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic used for pain relief. It acts as a downer, causing significant sedation and respiratory depression. Short-term use provides effective pain management, but long-term use can lead to addiction, tolerance, and other health issues. Overdose risks include severe respiratory depression and potential death. Safe use requires precise dosing and medical supervision. Recent research examines its efficacy and safety compared to other opioids.  |
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VII. Psychological Effects
Morphine, a potent opioid, affects mu-opioid receptors, leading to significant euphoria and analgesia. Immediate effects include mood elevation and sedation, lasting several hours. Long-term use may result in severe addiction, cognitive impairments, and mood disturbances. Research emphasizes its efficacy as an analgesic and associated risks of psychological dependence.
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VIII. Culture
Morphine, derived from opium, has been used for pain relief since the early 19th century. It is mentioned in historical medical texts and was pivotal in pain management during wars and surgeries. Morphine’s cultural impact includes its role in the opioid crisis and debates about its addiction potential. Proponents highlight its effectiveness in severe pain relief, while opponents emphasize its misuse and dependency risks. It has been used both medicinally and recreationally, with significant historical and modern implications.
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